Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Team Sports and Individual Sports

Learning to play team sports is an important part o f a child’s education. Do you agree or disagree? Practicing sports provides athletes with opportunities to develop their social skills during the academic portion of their life. Nowadays, the effect of practicing on children is very significant in a way they practice individual sport or joining a team. But is learning to play team sports an important part of a child’s academic portion? I personally agree and think that team sports are a much better option for the following reasons:First, there is no better alternative than learning how to be peer helper in your community, especially in a friendly environment. Practicing with a team will create an important relationship between the teammates that will know you and can direct your learning and adapt the pace of the practicing in a way that is more suitable to your capacities. Individual sports don't generally offer this type of flexibility as you don't really interact ph ysically with the others. What you basically have is a set of instructions, by your supervisor, that you have to follow alone.For example, if you have an exercise with a given discipline, when you are being in individual sport all you can do is to do it again and again alone and try to understand. You can maybe make it to succeed during the training but still that doesn't guarantee that you will get it in an official competition. But when you are with a group at your disposal, you can easily ask your mates and they would provide more information on the desired task from other perspectives that would definitely help you to understand better and get the idea.Another reason is that team sport, as opposed to individual sport, fosters the development and sustainability of social relationships between teammates. This is a very important point because learning after all is not only about acquiring information, but it is also about learning to interact with peers, forming social relationshi ps, being socially apt to live in a society of different individuals. Teamwork role is to prepare the members for an outer world, a society where having social skills and being able to form relationships is very critical.Individual sports contribute very little to the development of such a skill, as young athletes will be practicing alone in a very limited context while such skills are acquired through the physical interaction with other peers. If we take the example of a kid who practices with a team and another one who practices alone, we would clearly see differences in their personalities: The â€Å"team† boy would have a more extravert personality while the â€Å"alone† boy would be more introvert.There are no doubts cast on which one of the two boys will perform better in society. For these reasons, I believe that team sports are very important for the academic development of children, rather than individual sports. Even if the academic experience, the amount of information could be the same but team sports teach skills that cannot be guaranteed during a training of an individual sport, skills that are essential in the development of the individual later on in the society.

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

Legal Aspects of Criminal Justice System

Jury nullification is basically the situation wherein a certain guilty person was given the judgment â€Å"not guilty† by the set of jurors or the jury itself when that person is believed to be guilty of the crime he or she is accused of. The Jury tends to play an immoral role against his or her job which is to give justified verdict to a certain crime and thus apply an altered decision into the accused. An example of a jury nullified case is the famous case during the year 1735. This case is the trial case of John Peter Zenger charged by the former Governor of the New York Colony, William Cosby. In this case, the verdict given by the Jury to Zenger is a â€Å"not guilty verdict† wherein all the facts where given that Zenger did all the crime which he is accused of (Institute, 1992). Another case is the case of William Pen wherein he as the accused was acquitted by the set of juries. This happened in the year 1670 in London; his case was Preaching Quakerism. During this period four from the twelve chosen jurors made a non-guilty verdict which led them to spend time in prison and pay the damages they created but before they get into imprisonment, one of the judges made his plea and was able to nullify the unjust law (Institute, 1992). In the negative side of the defendant, his rights were violated because the sixth amendment says that â€Å"a defendant should not be deprived and even oppressed from his legal concerns† (FindLaw, 2008). When jury nullification occurs the defendant will be deprived from knowing what’s really happening in the court wherein the case holds his/her right to freedom. The nullification of the Jury to the case could also affect the Judge final decision about the defendant if he or she will be acquitted. Thus, the judge final judgment could henceforth be negative for the accused or the defendant because the judge may think that the defendant just influenced the Juries who voted for the accused person’s acquaintance. References FindLaw. (2008). Right to a Speedy and Public Trial [Electronic Version]. Retrieved January 16 from http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/data/constitution/amendment06/02.html.             Legal Aspects of Criminal Justice System Felony Disfranchisement is a process in which a convicted criminal lose his or her rights and property. It is also considered as â€Å"civil death†, whereby these persons would lose all rights and claim to property, including the right to vote. The felony disenfranchisement law was first implemented way back in ancient Romans and Greeks. Deprivation the convict’s right, confiscation of private properties and exposure to death are consequence of having a felony record during the earlier times. The Englishman gave birth to the disfranchisement of offenders in America. Nowadays, only three states in America continue to impose felony disfranchisement and the illegibility to vote to all citizens with a felony record which are states of Iowa, Kentucky, and Virginia. Conviction with felony record has its own consequence merely different from the felony disfranchisement implementation in earlier times. Today, felonies don’t have the right to vote, serve on a jury or even hold a position in the government which makes them different from an ordinary people, the lowest of the citizens. The implantation of felony disfranchisement is one of the political anomalies in America or even in other countries. As we all know, voting is a not only a privilege but a right that any man wants to exercise.  The United States Government eliminates constraints on voting whether by court or legislative action. The citizens convicted by felony are the only few who can not exercise their voting rights during elections (Rockville, 1986). Most of the pro – disfranchisement are arguing that giving the ex-felons a right to vote may serve as a risk in the society since an election process is a essential activity for the development of a state.  Pro – disfranchisement cited some problems that may occur when a offender is given a right to cast a vote. They say that it may harm the law if changed, voter fraud may occur or the â€Å"purity† of ballots may be affected (cited in Human rights Watch). These reasons are some of those who make the ex-felons unrightfully voters. A good example of a convicted felon was Richardson v. Ramirez who was barred from voting without violating the Fourteenth Amendment. Richardson v. Ramirez leaves open a valid claim that the unequal enforcement of disfranchisement laws is unconstitutional. Plaintiffs argued that California counties’ different interpretations of â€Å"infamous crime† meant that the law was unequally applied. The U.S. Supreme Court sent the case back to the California Supreme Court to decide this issue, but before it could rule, California changed its law (Brennan 2007). A guy named Baker v. Pataki from New York City was a very good example of â€Å"purposeful racial discrimination† having him convicted by felony. A mixed Afro-American Latino challenged New York’s federal court who denied the votes of several felony offenders, in prison or on parole. He said that these act is merely against the Voting Rights Act 1968 since it has a disproportionate racial impact. The lower court however dismissed the case reasoning that the U.S Supreme court in Richardson v. Ramirez upheld the disfranchisement law. They also found that Voting Rights Act did not apply to such laws. The effect of felony disfranchisement law has been drastically implemented in the past century since there are increasing numbers of criminals that are sentenced by felony; they are sent to prison and stay there for a long time. Voting is a right, and equal right must be given to a citizen even if he or she was an offender of the law. Issues in racial discrimination and human rights must take into consideration. References Human Rights Watch and the Sentencing Project (October 1998). Losing the vote: the impact of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   felony disenfranchisement laws in the united states. Retrieved January 17, 2008, from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.hrw.org/reports98/vote/ Westat, Inc. (December 1986). Historical corrections statistics in the united states.                                                                                                         

Monday, July 29, 2019

Criminal justice , organized crime Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Criminal justice , organized crime - Term Paper Example This present paper aims at discussing crime, justice and organized crime in Italy and outlining the effects of Italian Mafia o business government. Back in the 20th century, the Italian government imposed any laws (anti-racketeering laws) to end this illegal activity as well as weakening the Mafia group. Nevertheless, these types of illegal activities still take place in the country’s business currently. During the 19th centuries, a large group of Italian immigrants, most of them farmers, unskilled workers, and artisans moved to American to search for better paying jobs and economic opportunities, as well (Beare and Naylor 34). The number of Italians immigrants was mostly high in the New York town with a maximum of 250,000 immigrants for the year 1880 to 1910. The majority of these immigrants were law-abiders. However, most of the big groups involved themselves with criminal activities, therefore forming neighborhood gangster groups. In the 1920s, the period of the prohibition era, the time when the U.S. government made its 18th amendment to the country’s constitution mainly to ban the production, transportation, and selling of illicit beverages in the country (Finckenauer and Yuri 56). The Italian Mafia group alongside with other ethnic groups unlawfully, started to associate themselves with liquor activities as well as transforming themselves to perform other criminal activities such as money laundering, smuggling, and bribing the police officers as well as any other public officers (Albini 47). Typically, the entire Italian Mafia group had some hierarchies with each hierarchy being headed by its own boss. The boss with a lot of authority and could receive some amount of money from any moneymaking criminal activity performed by the members of his group. The vice chairperson of any group was second-in-commander and below this commander

Sunday, July 28, 2019

What do you understand by the term national culture Cultural Essay

What do you understand by the term national culture Cultural Differences and People Management - Essay Example As a result of that, it is inevitable for such companies to keep a diverse workforce for business success. French rightly pointed out that â€Å"In international ventures diversity is not an option – it is automatically part of the package† (French, 2010, p.84). Diverse workforce helps companies to reduce labour cost and exploit the expertise of cheap labour force available in overseas countries. However, management of diverse or multicultural workforce is not easy as the management of a single cultural workforce. Multicultural workforce often creates many challenges to the managers because of their contrasting interests. One of the major concerns created by international business or diverse workforce management is with respect to national culture. Since national culture of people from different countries varies immensely, it is difficult for the managers or executives to manage a diverse workforce effectively. Geert Hofstede and Trompenaars are some of the scholars who studied about the influence of national culture on cross cultural business management. This paper analyses the theories proposed by Hofstede and Trompenaars to know more about national culture and its implications on international business management. ... For example, some cultures believe that killing of the enemies of their culture as a sacred act whereas other cultures believe that killing of even enemies is a sin. Same way some cultures believe that there is nothing wrong in keeping more than one wife whereas other cultures believe in marital relationships with only one woman at a time. It is not necessary that the perceptions of Chinese people about work be the same as that of the perceptions of Americans or Europeans. Chinese people are leading a mechanic life because of the autocratic administration whereas Americans and Europeans are leading much liberal life because of the democratic administrations prevailing in those regions. In short, national culture is a term associated with beliefs, values, norms, behaviour, political and social environments, etc. â€Å"Some cultures put more emphasis on universal commitments (like honesty) while others put more weight on loyalty to particular people and relationships† (Ghemawat and Reiche.2011, p.2). For example, people from some cultures are ready to tell lies in courts to save the life of their friends. On the other hand, people from some other cultures may not tell lies even for saving the life of their friend. Even though many scholars conducted extensive researches o know the importance of national culture in the management of diverse workforce or international business, the works of Hofstede and Trompenaars seem to be extremely important. Hofstede’s cultural dimensions According to Hofstede, â€Å"Culture is the collective programming of the mind distinguishing the members of one group or category of people from others† (Hofstede, n.d.). It should be noted that a person behaves and believes in a particular way because of the actions of his mind. For example, it

Saturday, July 27, 2019

Should state or local governments tax sodas to fund health care Research Paper

Should state or local governments tax sodas to fund health care - Research Paper Example There is a debate on whether the state government should tax sodas and use the proceeds in health care initiatives. There are many health issues that are related to the intake of sodas in the United States of America. Issues like tooth decay, diabetes and obesity are on the rise among the teens. The contribution of soda to the health care expenses is already high and continues to increase at an alarming rate as depicted by the expenditure on health related issues. It is estimated that $79 billion is spent yearly on obesity and overweight related issues (Lohnes, 2006). The proponents of the tax levy on sodas argue that the taxation of these sodas will help in reducing heath related illnesses like obesity diabetes and tooth decay. The acids that are contained in the sodas breaks up the tooth enamel thus destroying it. The Sodas are known to contain a high level of sugar which is harmful to the health of the people. Various proposals have been put forward regarding the taxation of sodas; the mayor of Philadelphia Michael Nutter proposed a tax on all beverages with added sugar, putting a two-cents-ounce levy on the sugar added drinks. The overall effect of the taxation is that an estimated $ 77 million per year would be generated and directed towards health care programs (Nolan, 2009). Sodas are considered as diuretics implying that they have the ability to dehydrate the body. In places like South Texas where the temperatures are extremely high during summer, the continuous consumption of sodas will cause serious dehydration to the body thus leading to complicated health issues since dehydration causes headaches and heat exhaustion. Nolan (2009) states that the government should impose a tax on the sodas in order to discourage the consumption of sugar added soda. When a tax is levied on soda, it implies that the price of the product will go up meaning that many people will not be able to afford buying the product. This will shift the preference of the people

Friday, July 26, 2019

Liberal and Socialist Feminist Approach Towards Wage Gap in the US Research Paper

Liberal and Socialist Feminist Approach Towards Wage Gap in the US - Research Paper Example Liberal feminism says that personal rights should be the foremost priority of individuals and women should possess capability to take stand against every unfair practice around them. The liberal feminist recognizes the injustices that favour males over females. Liberal feminist intend to free females from dominating roles of men in the community (Biber and Leavy). In 1970, feminist movement looked into the matters of females as dependent women and conservativeness of their lives in the United States. Liberal feminism claimed that women are confined to household jobs (Biber and Leavy). In the United States, women are making remarkable achievements in the professional grounds and struggling to work with equal rights. However, it has observed that despite working passionately and dedicatedly women are being paid less as compare to men up to 75% (Wood). Liberal feminism is the most effective approach in the United States that intend to work for the equal rights of women in every aspect o f socio-political life. Bandura (1977) has mentioned in his research that previously liberal feminism struggled for females` rights to participate in elections with equal opportunities and to own properties, but current liberal feminists intend to work for gaining equal seats in professional ground with equal salaries for equal jobs (Wood). According to Jagger (1983), philosophy of liberalism is related to traditional historical approaches of attaining equal opportunities in various grounds.... According to Jagger (1983), philosophy of liberalism is related to traditional historical approaches of attaining equal opportunities in various grounds. He further explained that liberal theory up holds the idea that equal work opportunities and salary packages directly influence cognition of women and motivate them, to hard with more enthusiasm (Biber and Leavy). It should the foremost matter of consideration for the governmental bodies in order, to ensure equal opportunities to men and women both. Theoretical movements of liberal feminism are different from other types of feminism. It is because it intend to take steps for political modifications in order to strengthen females` standings legally (Dickerson, Flanagan and O'Neill). However, other feminist party usually have common goals and similar objectives and strategies, but liberal feminism mainly focuses on individualism and positivism. In the United States, liberal feminism has made great contributions towards workplace envir onment and wages policies for women (Dickerson, Flanagan and O'Neill). With the contributions and participation of liberal feminists more and more talented women have, got chance to make their specific places in the work place, but the issues related to their wages gaps is still in process (Walters). However, participants of feminism have found that top positions and executive level jobs are kept for men in the US it has been then major reason behind low wages of women. Furthermore, Jagger (1983) discussed that feminist approach focus on individualism, and according to individualism notion, self-satisfaction is very important part. It has observed that working people have so many

Unites States Department of Health and Human Services Essay

Unites States Department of Health and Human Services - Essay Example HHS has taken several enforcement actions (as demonstrated by 4 examples). There are many U.S. Court rulings of interest regarding HHS (as demonstrated by 6 examples). The Cabinet is the highest executive branch of the federal government of the United States of America. It consists of officers (each designated as ‘Secretary’ except the Attorney General) whose nomination is first made by the President and later confirmed by the Senate. Each Secretary is the head of a Department (Wikipedia, 2007). Prior to 1979, there existed the Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW). In operation since 1953, its affairs were managed by the United States Secretary of Health, Education & Welfare. The last Secretary of this Department was Patricia Roberts Harris (1979). In the years leading up to 1979 there was an increasingly uneasy feeling that the HEW was over-burdened as health, education and welfare assumed greater importance as the American population grew. With its finger on the pulse of the American people, the ruling Democrats took the revolutionary step of reorganizing the HEW. On October 17, 1979, the 39th President of the United States, Jimmy Carter, signed as ordinance the Department of Education Organization Act (PL 96-98). Marking the one and only time in U.S. history that a President used his inherent authority to reorganize a Cabinet-level Department, this Act officially separated the HEW into two Departments – the United States Department of Health & Human S ervices (HHS), and the United States Department of Education (ED). Both HHS and ED started operating officially on May 4, 1980 (Wikipedia, 2007). The HHS was further strengthened on March 31, 1995, when the welfare portfolio was taken from it and entrusted to a newly created independent federal agency called Social Security Administration headed by a commissioner who reported directly to the President. The glaring defects of the much-criticized Aid

Thursday, July 25, 2019

Islam shares many beliefs with Christianity and Judaism. Discuss Essay

Islam shares many beliefs with Christianity and Judaism. Discuss similarities and differences in the burial rites of the three Abrahamic religions in the UK today - Essay Example Most religions have got various rites when it comes to burial. The three Abrahamic religions currently follow different burial rites depending on their religious practices. This paper intends to discuss the overall and detailed burial rites for the three Abrahamic religions. This is due to the evidences on the disparities in their religious burial practices in UK despite originating from same ancestral origin. Christianity is the world’s largest religion with an estimation of 1.2 to 1.5 billion followers (Well Planned Funeral, 2009). This religion has been very prominent and has also undergone many revolutions aiming at restructuring the religious practice. In the UK, it is estimated that there are over 200 Christian denominations which have their own rituals as far as funerals are concerned. Not all churches have similar funeral rituals. Notable to state is that despite the denomination, the Christian faith dictated by the bible is commonly practiced in all denominations (Techner, 2007). This is because they all believe in the teachings of Jesus and follow the same bible. In Christianity, the funeral beliefs is normally underpinned and overruled by the fact that Christians believe in resurrection. Moreover, the teachings of Christianity also assure believers that there is eternal life for all human souls that die following the teachings of Jesus Christ (Well Planned Funeral, 2009). The main objective in a Christian funeral reflects the fact that funerals are a celebration of a winner who will live eternally (Danals, 2007). The Christian funeral must be accompanied by a special service. This is conducted by the local church where the deceased went to or family belongs to. The service is meant to offer final prayers for the deceased. During the special service, there must be biblical readings, singing of hymns and prayers for the deceased and family (Weaver, 2008). In Catholicism, there must be incorporation of the Holy

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

Charles Ludlam. Ridiculous Theatre Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Charles Ludlam. Ridiculous Theatre - Essay Example On his death in 1987 The New York Times said that he was "one of the most innovative and prolific artists in the theater avant-garde" (Kaufman, 1), but Charles Ludlam was not so easily categorized as the gender-bending, sex and drug-filled plays of the Theater of the Ridiculous would suggest. He was more complex than appears at first glance, and one of his most successful plays, Bluebeard, does not involve cross-dressing. This paper will examine how Ludlam created the Theatre of the Ridiculous through his writing and performing and how, in a paradoxical fashion, he also moved beyond such easy genre-definitions into his own unique form of theatre. Ludlam was openly gay before it was easy to be so, even within the theatre, and yet he dismissed the idea of a "gay community" in famous San Francisco comments (Kaufman, 1). In the same way, he invented a particular kind of theatre, but steadfastly refused to be limited by it. Ludlam was born and raised on Long Island and discovered his penchant and talent for acting in high school. He wore his hair long during he Fifties, before it was fashionable to do so and was even more-or-less openly gay at the same time. Thus started his life-long tendency to buck conventional standards and be a complete individual. His acting was regarded as so ludicrous as a teenager that some amateur companies refused to cast him, not because of a lack of talent, but because he had too much talent and was perceived as being potentially damaging to other actors (Kaufman, 3). This was a tendency that meant that he essentially had to create his own theatre on graduating from Hofstra University with a degree in Theatre in 1964. Camille might be regarded as "quintessential Ludlam because it has elements of so many different theatrical references" (Busch, 1) As Busch continues, the play is, in one sense at least, a compendium of Ludlam's huge theatre knowledge, with references to Wilde and Ibsen, among others. This bricoleur type of writing style - taking material from wherever the playwright feels there will be valuable material without considering whether it makes a logical whole, is the essential element of Ludlam's craft. In a sense this type of playwriting, and the performance that comes from it, has its origins deep in the history of theatre. From Aristophanes' commentary on his contemporary politics and the Tragedies of the day (Brockett, 12) to Commedia Del Arte, and to much of performance art there is a long tradition within theatre of piecing together a work from the "garbage of popular culture and recycling it into something rather golden and perhaps garish" (Busch, 1). By "garbage" there is no attempt to apply a qualitative value to the material, but rather to suggest that on their own, these odd allusions to specific moments, performances, sections of plays and even specific words would amount to little. It is within the context of a rounded performance that they become something of value. In Camille Ludlam takes a well-known story and uses it for his

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

Statement of Purpose Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Statement of Purpose - Essay Example This dream has therefore fostered me to apply for the graduate school (school of engineering) engineering management, project and system engineering management. Engineering Management is a specialized form of management and engineering. It is mostly concerned with the application of engineering principles to business practice. Engineering managers ensure that engineers use their engineering skills to design and provide high quality products and services. My obsession with management started just after I had cleared high school. In the summer of 2008, I had a chance of working as a marketing strategist at Gardeniya Ladies Center in Alkhobar Saudi Arabia. Specifically, I dealt with customer relations and I was a receptionist. While working here, I managed social media presence, developed promotions and packages for customers and handled customers complaints and disputes. In the year 2009, I partially worked as a market strategist at Cupcake Girls in Alkhobar Saudi Arabia. I was the marketing assistant and assisted in preparations of orders and clientele, handled financial and advertising organizations and prepared for upcoming events and festivities. I have been active in many other activities such as Student volunteer- Children with Down Syndrome Center (Alkhobar Saudia Arabia, 2009) and Managed social media presence for campaigns and managed gathering donations. This has made me feel that my passion lies in the leadership and management and I believe that if one does what they love, chances are that they will become very successful. In the selecting of the Catholic University at Washington DC, I have been influenced by the way your engineering management program addresses issues such as planning, organizing, motivating, and controlling resources, procedures and protocols. I am fluent in Arabic and English and I have been talking to a friend who has studied in this University and it has come to my understanding that the

Monday, July 22, 2019

Drum Dance Essay Example for Free

Drum Dance Essay As seems to be common to many indigenous tribes, both the Saux and the Samoans led a spiritually-based life, which involved paying homage to a higher being. The Saux consistently sought guidance from the creator in how to live. In a similar way, the Samoans consulted wizards who practiced magical arts. Ceremonies formed an important part of tribal life. The aim was to honor their gods. For both the Saux and the Samoans, these often assumed the form of clan feasts, namings, adoptions, and burials. The Saux had major thanksgiving festivals a couple of times a year. These were to celebrate the start of the spring season and then again to celebrate the fertility of the land in summer after the harvest. Like the Saux, Samoans celebrated the New Year offerings, which is the principal feast of the year which honors their primary god, Tangaloa-fua. In recent times, new religious practices such as the Drum Dance have been added to the rich tapestry of Saux tradition. Dance has always dominated Samoan celebrations especially at weddings. Dance today, for both the Saux and the Samoans has changed hardly at all in its form and its meaning. Inherent in the flex of the hand and the turn of the foot, is the transferred and accumulated knowledge handed down from their ancestors. Further back in time, Samoans believed in demoniacal possession. Samoan wizards used charms to drive evil spirits out of the bodies of those possessed by them. Like the Samoans, the Saux had their own shamans that the tribe referred to in matters of possession, and whom they sought supernatural advice from when they needed guidance. Whilst we know that languages exist in linguistic families which we can use to trace their origins, both the Saux and the Samoans attribute more to language than simply words that they’ve always spoken. According to Saux tradition, their language contained all the accumulated knowledge of their ancestors. Similarly, Samoan wizards often claimed that they were speaking under the influence of a spirit. Language was a powerful medium when interpreted by Saux shaman or Samoan wizards. Animals and images of nature featured strongly in both Saux and Samoan religious life. The Saux believed that every person and animal had a ‘manito’ or guardian spirit. Samoans preferred to wear their beliefs and links to nature on their bodies. Tattooing has a long tradition in Samoan culture. Most of the motifs were of animal origin as there were considered sacred by different families. From a young age, Saux boys were taught to fast and keep holy vigils to bring their souls closer to the Great Spirit. Once they had proved themselves worthy, their ‘manito’ or guardian spirit would be revealed. Proving one self was also an important to Samoans. Seven-day long fires would be kept burning to celebrate a man who had proved himself in battle. This was done for anyone who made himself illustrious in battle. Both the Saux and the Samoans believed in the power of sacred objects. Once the guardian spirit was revealed to Saux boys, they could begin collecting sacred things to be kept in a bag around their necks. Similarly, Samoan wizards could invoke curses. By invoking O le tangata fai tui, they could curse an object of hatred or dread, and use enchantments against it. References Native Languages of the Americas. (2009). A Sauk Legend. Retrieved 21 May 2010 from Native Language of the Americas website : http://www. native-languages. org/saukstory. htm New Zealand Electronic Text Centre. (2008). Myths and Legends of Ancient Samoa. Retrieved 21 May 2010 from Victoria University of Auckland website: http://www. nzetc. org/tm/scholarly/tei-TuvAcco-t1-body1-d48.html Native Languages of the Americas. (2009). Native Americans Sac and Fox Culture and History. Retrieved 21 May 2010 from Native Language of the Americas website: http://www. native-languages. org/sac-fox. htm Scribd. (n. d). Samoan customs, Analogous to those of the Israelites. Retrieved 21 May 2010 from Scribd website: http://www. scribd. com/doc/3086235/samoan-customs-analogous-to-those-of-the-israelites Sultzman, Lee. (1999). Sauk and Fox History. Retrieved 21 May 2010 from http://www. tolatsga. org/sf. html